The identification of paper and enamel is carried out on paper and enamel. The life of life is usually about 100 years, while the life of paper is about 1000 years. Of course, due to the different underground burial environment, the paper baskets in the unearthed cultural relics may still be more than a thousand years old. For example, single silk had been woven before the Jin and Tang Dynasties, and the crepe pattern of double silk was not found until the Song Dynasty, which was thinner than that of the yuan and Ming Dynasties. According to the quality category, you can determine the age of calligraphy and painting. There are also traces of the times on the paper. Before the Sui and Tang Dynasties, hemp was used as the raw material of paper, with high fiber content and poor paper quality.

隋唐以后，樹(shù)皮被用于造紙，其紙張質(zhì)量比以前更好。 北宋中期以后，造紙材料多樣化，并提出了論文。 多元化。 實(shí)際上，民間收藏的書(shū)畫只出現(xiàn)在明清末期。 這是因?yàn)榧垙埡吞麓杀旧砗茈y保存數(shù)百年。 再加上偽造者的困惑，有人認(rèn)為古代書(shū)法的相當(dāng)一部分是魚(yú)。 名人書(shū)畫習(xí)得的三個(gè)主要要素：

After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, bark was used for papermaking, and its paper quality was better than before. After the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty, papermaking materials were diversified and papers were put forward. diversification. In fact, the folk collection of calligraphy and painting only appeared in the late Ming and Qing Dynasties. This is because paper and enamel itself are difficult to preserve for hundreds of years. Coupled with the confusion of forgers, some people think that a considerable part of ancient calligraphy is fish. Three main elements of celebrity calligraphy and painting acquisition:

一，安裝標(biāo)識(shí)

1、 Installation identification

每個(gè)時(shí)代都有自己的特點(diǎn)。 例如，在元代，藏畫的收藏是由一個(gè)特殊的人選擇的。 大德四年間，“古代玉象牙成為軸心，桉樹(shù)金碧繼續(xù)被安裝”。 在明代，畫作在畫卷中加入了鉛，有些還寫在了線上。 垂直軸有寬和窄的一面，有些還增加了詩(shī)歌。 清代宮廷繪畫的材料和技術(shù)形式都比明代更好。

Each era has its own characteristics. For example, in the Yuan Dynasty, the collection of Tibetan paintings was selected by a special person. During the four years of Dade, "ancient jade and ivory became the axis, and Eucalyptus splendor continued to be installed". In the Ming Dynasty, lead was added to the paintings, and some were written on the line. The vertical axis has wide and narrow sides, and some have added poetry. The materials and technical forms of palace painting in the Qing Dynasty are better than those in the Ming Dynasty.

二，印章識(shí)別

2、 Seal identification

宋代的許多歌舞作品未加蓋印章，有些蓋有青銅和玉印章，并且印章上印有致密的印章和水上的櫻花。 封印由木頭，象牙，銅，玉等制成。版畫為模版和櫻花代。 使用了石印。 明代的石印章很常見(jiàn)，雕刻方法使用“錘頭式”。 清代油櫻所使用的印章大多為印章形狀，其字體和字體也多種多樣。 油墨顏色是油性的。 繪畫中衣服和生活用具的標(biāo)識(shí)冠在不同的年齡通常會(huì)有所不同，并且生活用具也有所不同，可以被識(shí)別。

Many song and dance works were not sealed, some were sealed with bronze and jade seals, and the seals were printed with dense seals and cherry blossoms on the water. The seal is made of wood, ivory, copper, jade, etc. Prints are templates and Sakura generation. Lithography was used. Stone seals in the Ming Dynasty are very common, and the carving method is "hammer head type". The seals used by Youying in the Qing Dynasty are mostly in the shape of seals, and their fonts and fonts are also diverse. Ink color is oily. The identification crowns of clothes and living utensils in painting are usually different at different ages, and living utensils are also different and can be identified.

三，職稱鑒定

3、 Professional title appraisal

這些問(wèn)題分為三類：作者的頭銜，當(dāng)代的問(wèn)題和后代的問(wèn)題。 標(biāo)題是增加書(shū)畫的價(jià)值。 但是，通常會(huì)出現(xiàn)帶有錯(cuò)誤問(wèn)題的真實(shí)繪畫或帶有真實(shí)問(wèn)題的偽造繪畫，應(yīng)仔細(xì)識(shí)別。 特別是，藝術(shù)家更容易被假書(shū)法題字吸引。

These problems fall into three categories: the title of the author, contemporary problems and future problems. The title is to increase the value of calligraphy and painting. However, there are usually real paintings with wrong problems or forged paintings with real problems, which should be carefully identified. In particular, famous artists are more likely to be attracted by fake calligraphy inscriptions.