How to identify the authenticity of celebrity calligraphy and painting collection? Chinese calligraphy and painting is the treasure of the forest of painting art in the world. Compared with Western painting, Chinese calligraphy and painting is more artistic. So how to identify the authenticity of celebrity calligraphy and painting?

主要看筆鋒，筆墨，情感，格調(diào)意境，流派風(fēng)格，構(gòu)圖，落款時(shí)代特征與個(gè)人風(fēng)格書畫是作品，必然留下時(shí)代特征，不同時(shí)代字畫特征不一。唐朝之前的山水畫恐怕難令人置信，用楷書冒充西漢書法也不會(huì)有人相信。只要對(duì)字畫年代宇型、畫技畫風(fēng)有大概了解，明顯的偽品欺騙就可鑒別。對(duì)于名家作品，要了解名家的生平、藝術(shù)風(fēng)格與創(chuàng)作題材范圍，更要了解他們的筆墨技法。名家的藝術(shù)表現(xiàn)技法是長(zhǎng)期操練后而形成的，一般人要模仿難免有敗筆顯露，抓住某人筆法特點(diǎn)研究深，則容易辨認(rèn)偽作。

It mainly depends on the stroke, ink, emotion, style, artistic conception, genre style, composition, signature, era characteristics and personal style. Calligraphy and painting are works, which must leave era characteristics. The characteristics of calligraphy and painting in different times are different. I'm afraid the landscape paintings before the Tang Dynasty are hard to believe, and no one will believe that regular script is used to pretend to be the calligraphy of the Western Han Dynasty. As long as you have a general understanding of the age and style of calligraphy and painting, obvious fake deception can be identified. For the works of famous artists, we should understand their life, artistic style and the scope of creative themes, as well as their pen and ink skills. The artistic expression techniques of famous artists are formed after long-term practice. If ordinary people want to imitate, they will inevitably lose their writing. If they grasp someone's writing characteristics and study them deeply, it is easy to identify fake works.

紙、帛的鑒別字畫是作于紙和帛之上的，帛的壽命一般百年左右，紙的壽命約在千年之內(nèi)。當(dāng)然，出土文物中的紙帛由于地下埋葬環(huán)境的不同，仍可能超越千年。例如絹帛在晉唐之前是單絲織成，直到宋代才發(fā)現(xiàn)雙絲織成的絹帛，比元明時(shí)期的絹顯得細(xì)密。由絹的質(zhì)量類別可以斷定字畫年代。紙，也有時(shí)代痕跡。

The identification of paper and silk, calligraphy and painting are made on paper and silk. The service life of silk is generally about 100 years, and the service life of paper is about 1000 years. Of course, due to the different underground burial environment, the paper and silk in the unearthed cultural relics may still exceed a thousand years. For example, silk was woven from single silk before the Jin and Tang Dynasties. It was not until the Song Dynasty that it was found that the silk woven from double silk was finer than that in the yuan and Ming Dynasties. The age of calligraphy and painting can be determined by the quality category of silk. Paper also has traces of the times.

隋唐之前，紙以麻料作原料，顯得纖維較租，紙張不夠細(xì)潔;隋唐之后，樹皮被用來造紙，其紙質(zhì)就比以前精細(xì);北宋中期后，造紙?jiān)隙鄻踊?，紙質(zhì)也呈現(xiàn)多樣化了。實(shí)際上，民間收藏的字畫僅以明清以后時(shí)期多見，這是因?yàn)榧?、絹本身難于歷經(jīng)數(shù)百年保存的緣故。再加上造偽者的混淆，所以有人認(rèn)為古字畫中相當(dāng)部分是魚目混珠。裝演鑒別各個(gè)時(shí)代裝橫有其特色。如元代宮廷藏畫選擇專人裝裱，大德四年“以古玉象牙為軸，以鸞鵲木錦碧天續(xù)為裝核”。明代書畫則在書畫卷增加了引首，有的還被寫上了字，立軸有寬邊、窄邊之分，有的還加了詩(shī)堂。清代宮廷書畫的裝核用料和技術(shù)形式都勝于明代，顯得更為講究。

Before the Sui and Tang Dynasties, paper used hemp as raw material, which showed that the fiber was rented and the paper was not clean enough; After Sui and Tang Dynasties, bark was used to make paper, and its paper was finer than before; After the mid Northern Song Dynasty, the paper-making raw materials were diversified, and the paper also showed diversification. In fact, folk collections of calligraphy and paintings are only common after the Ming and Qing Dynasties, because paper and silk itself are difficult to preserve for hundreds of years. Coupled with the confusion of counterfeiters, some people think that a considerable part of ancient calligraphy and painting is fishy eyes mixed with pearls. Costume performance identification has its own characteristics in various times. For example, the palace paintings of the Yuan Dynasty were mounted by special personnel. In the fourth year of Dade, "the axis was ancient jade and ivory, and the core was Luan magpie, wood, brocade and green sky". In the Ming Dynasty, the introduction was added to the calligraphy and painting volume, and some were written with characters. The vertical axis was divided into wide and narrow sides, and some added poetry halls. The materials and technical forms of the court calligraphy and painting in the Qing Dynasty are better than those in the Ming Dynasty.

印章鑒別宋代字畫作品許多不上印章，部分上蓋銅印與玉印，印色有密印和水櫻元代印章質(zhì)料有木、象牙、銅、玉等，印色為油印和水櫻元代自王冕始用石料印章。明代石料印章普遍，篆文刻法采用“錘頭式”，使用大多是油櫻清代印章形狀、字體、字形均呈多樣化，印色為油質(zhì)。畫中人物衣服與生活用具的鑒別各個(gè)年代冠服往往不同，生活用具也有差別，可以據(jù)以鑒別。

Seal identification many calligraphy and painting works of the Song Dynasty do not have seals, and some of them are covered with copper seals and jade seals. The printing colors include secret seals and Shuiying seals of the Yuan Dynasty. The materials include wood, ivory, copper and jade. The printing colors are oil seals and Shuiying seals. Stone seals were used since Wang Mian in the Yuan Dynasty. Stone seals were common in the Ming Dynasty, and the seal cutting method adopted "hammer head type", most of which were oil cherry seals. The shapes, fonts and glyphs of seals in the Qing Dynasty were diversified, and the printing color was oil. The identification of the clothes and living utensils of the characters in the painting is often different in different ages, and the living utensils are also different, which can be used for identification.

題跋鑒別題跋分三類：作者的題跋，同時(shí)代人的題跋，后人的題跋。題跋是為了增加字畫的身價(jià)。但是，常見有真畫配假題跋或假畫配真題跋的，應(yīng)仔細(xì)鑒別。特別是名家在假字畫上題跋更容易使入迷。

There are three kinds of inscriptions and postscripts: the author's inscriptions and postscripts, the contemporaries' inscriptions and postscripts, and the posterity's inscriptions and postscripts. Inscriptions and postscripts are to increase the value of calligraphy and painting. However, if there are often true paintings with false inscriptions and postscripts or false paintings with true inscriptions and postscripts, they should be carefully identified. In particular, famous artists are more likely to be fascinated by inscriptions and postscripts on fake calligraphy and paintings.