1顏料，分礦物質和化學合成兩大類。初的顏料多為礦物質顏料，由手工研磨成細末，作畫時才進行調和鼻衄內。近代由工廠成批生產，裝入錫管，顏料的種類也不斷增加。顏料的性能與其所含的化學成分有關，調色時，化學作用會使有些顏料之間產生不良反應。因而，掌握顏料的性能有助于充分發(fā)揮油畫技巧并使作品色彩經(jīng)久不變。

Pigments are divided into two categories: minerals and chemical synthesis. Most of the original pigments are mineral pigments, which are grinded into fine particles by hand. Only when painting, can they be mixed with the nasal bleeding. In modern times, it was produced in batches by factories and loaded into tin tubes. The types of pigments also increased. The performance of pigments is related to their chemical composition. When mixing colors, chemical action will cause adverse reactions between some pigments. Therefore, mastering the performance of pigments will help to give full play to oil painting skills and make the color of the work permanent.

松節(jié)油，是一種揮發(fā)性醫(yī)用油。在油畫的調制中，起稀釋顏料的作用。一兩分鐘即可完全揮發(fā)，干后無光澤。將松節(jié)油和調色油按照一定比例混合使用，干得較快，色彩也比較亮。

Turpentine is a volatile medical oil. In the modulation of oil painting, it plays the role of diluting pigment. It can volatilize completely in a minute or two, and it will be dull after drying. Mix turpentine and toner in a certain proportion to dry faster and have a brighter color.

畫筆，用彈性適中的動物毛制成，有尖鋒圓形平鋒扁平形短鋒扁平形及扇形等種類。

The paintbrush is made of animal hair with moderate elasticity. It has sharp, round, flat, flat, short, flat and fan shapes.

畫刀，又稱調色刀，用富有彈性的薄鋼片制成，有尖狀圓狀之分，用于在調色板上調勻顏料，不少畫家也以刀代筆，直接用刀作畫或部分地在畫布上形成顏料層面肌理，增加表現(xiàn)力。

The painting knife, also known as the color mixing knife, is made of elastic thin steel sheet, which is divided into sharp and round shapes. It is used to mix the paint on the color palette. Many painters also use the knife instead of pen to paint directly or partially form the texture of the paint layer on the canvas to increase the expressiveness.

畫布，標準的畫布，是將亞麻布或帆布緊繃在木質內框上后，用膠或油與白粉摻和并涂刷在布的表面制作而成。一般做成不吸油又具有一定布紋效果的底子，或根據(jù)創(chuàng)作需要做成半吸油或完全吸油的底子。布紋的粗細根據(jù)畫幅的大小而定，也根據(jù)作畫效果的需要選擇。有的畫家使用涂過底色的畫布，容易形成統(tǒng)一的畫面色調，作畫時還可不經(jīng)意地露出底色。經(jīng)過涂底制作后，不吸油的木板或硬紙板也可以代替畫布。

Canvas, a standard canvas, is made of linen or canvas tightly stretched on the wooden inner frame, mixed with glue or oil and white powder, and painted on the surface of the cloth. Generally, it can be made into a non-oil absorption and cloth texture effect base, or a semi-oil absorption or full oil absorption base according to the creative needs. The thickness of the cloth texture depends on the size of the painting and the needs of the painting effect. Some painters use the canvas painted with the background color, which is easy to form a unified picture tone, and can inadvertently expose the background color when painting. After priming, non-oil-absorbing wood or cardboard can also replace canvas.

7外框，完整的油畫作品包括外框，尤其是寫實性較強的油畫，外框形成觀者對作品視域的界限，使畫面顯得完整集中，畫中的物象在觀者的感覺中朝縱深發(fā)展。畫框的厚薄大小依作品內容而定。古典油畫的外框多用木料石膏制成，近現(xiàn)代油畫的外框較多用鋁合金等金屬材料制成。

7 Outer frame, complete oil painting works include outer frame, especially the oil painting with strong realism. The outer frame forms the boundary of the viewer's vision of the work, making the picture appear complete and concentrated, and the objects in the painting develop in depth in the viewer's sense. The thickness of the picture frame depends on the content of the work. The outer frame of classical oil painting is mostly made of wood gypsum, while the outer frame of modern oil painting is mostly made of aluminum alloy and other metal materials.

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