想想這所屋子除了啃我們字畫的耗子還有什么？”

　　Think about this house, besides the mice gnawing on our calligraphy and paintings, what else is there? ”

　　一品相問題：

　　One issue with appearance:

　　品相是指字畫的“相貌”狀況，這些都是影響字畫價(jià)值的重要因素。如果購買古舊字畫，更應(yīng)注意品相問題。

　　Appearance refers to the "appearance" of calligraphy and painting, which are important factors affecting the value of calligraphy and painting. If you purchase antique calligraphy and paintings, you should pay more attention to their appearance.

　　二問題：

　　Price issue:

　　名人字畫的定價(jià)不受物價(jià)部門的約束，所以在購買名家字畫時(shí)，要了解行情，或請(qǐng)內(nèi)行把關(guān)，以免上當(dāng)。

　　The pricing of celebrity calligraphy and painting is not constrained by the national pricing department, so when purchasing famous calligraphy and painting, the first thing to do is to understand the market or ask experts to check, in order to avoid being deceived.

　　三真假問題：

　　Three authenticity issues:

　　名人字畫市場贗品泛濫，購買名家字畫時(shí)，應(yīng)請(qǐng)行家掌眼，以防買來假貨。穩(wěn)妥的辦法是直接從字畫家手中購求，或從有信譽(yù)的畫廊處購買。

　　The celebrity calligraphy and painting market is flooded with counterfeit goods. When purchasing famous calligraphy and paintings, it is advisable to seek the attention of experts to prevent the purchase of counterfeit goods. The safest way is to purchase directly from the calligrapher or from a reputable gallery.

　　四水平問題：

　　Four level problem:

　　名人字畫藝術(shù)水平的高低是衡量其收藏價(jià)值的基本因素，名家之作也未必幅幅都是精品，應(yīng)酬之作等無法體現(xiàn)其應(yīng)有的藝術(shù)水平，因而與精品的價(jià)值也大相徑庭。

　　The artistic level of celebrity calligraphy and painting is the basic factor for measuring their collection value. The works of famous artists may not necessarily be masterpieces, and social works cannot reflect their expected artistic level, so their value is vastly different from that of masterpieces.

　　五尺幅問題：

　　Five foot scale issue:

　　名人字畫的銷售有的以幅為計(jì)價(jià)單位，幅是指常規(guī)幅面，即不小于4尺3開者，有的則以平方尺為計(jì)價(jià)單位。所以同一位名家的作品，幅面越大，其價(jià)值越高。如幅面小于4尺3開的小品，其價(jià)值就不能與常規(guī)幅面的字畫相提并論。六代表作問題：

　　The sales of celebrity calligraphy and painting are priced based on the size of the piece, which refers to a regular size of no less than 4 feet and 3 openings, while others are priced based on square feet. So the larger the format of a work by the same famous artist, the higher its value. If the size of the sketch is less than 4 feet and 3 openings, its value cannot be compared to that of conventional calligraphy and painting. Six representative works question:

　　所謂代表作主要是指字畫家擅長項(xiàng)目，如齊白石畫蝦蟹、徐悲鴻畫馬、黃胄畫驢、李可染畫山水或牛等。對(duì)書法家而言，有的以草字見長、有的以篆字見長，如果字畫家的作品不是其擅長的項(xiàng)目，其價(jià)值即遜一籌。

　　The so-called representative works mainly refer to the projects that calligraphers are good at, such as Qi Baishi painting shrimp and crab, Xu Beihong painting horse, Huang Zhou painting donkey, Li Keran painting landscape or cow, etc. For calligraphers, some excel in cursive script, while others excel in seal script. If the works of a calligrapher are not their forte, their value will be inferior.

　　七裱工問題：

　　Seven framing issues:

　　裱工是指字畫裱件的裝裱質(zhì)量。有的字畫裱件做工粗糙，或不平展，或殘脫，或有折痕，或受濕受污等等。這些情況不但影響懸掛和欣賞，而且危及字畫的壽命，也削弱了字畫應(yīng)有的價(jià)值。

　　The framing worker refers to the quality of the mounting of calligraphy and painting. Some calligraphy and painting mounting pieces have rough workmanship, are uneven, torn, creased, or exposed to moisture and dirt, and so on. These situations not only affect hanging and appreciation, but also endanger the lifespan of calligraphy and painting, and weaken the value that calligraphy and painting should have.

　　鑒定技巧

　　Appraisal skills

　　（一）作品的時(shí)代風(fēng)格

　?。?） The era style of the work

　　每一件書畫作品都有其特有的時(shí)代風(fēng)格，這是與其所處時(shí)代的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、生活習(xí)俗以及物質(zhì)條件緊密相關(guān)的.比如說，山水畫在一開始時(shí)是不講究比例的，“人大于山，水不容泛”是它的時(shí)代特征。因此，早期的山水畫多攝取全形，而等到后來畫家知道只要按照比例就可以將大自然縮寫在畫幅中時(shí)，取景才開始向局部發(fā)展。

　　Every painting and calligraphy work has its unique style of the times, which is closely related to the politics, economy, customs, and material conditions of its era For example, in the beginning, landscape painting did not pay attention to proportion, and the characteristic of its era was that 'people are larger than mountains, and water cannot overflow'. Therefore, early landscape paintings often captured the full form, but it wasn't until later when painters learned that nature could be abbreviated in proportion that framing began to develop towards the local.

　　書法也是一樣。從文學(xué)方面來看，不論書寫的是詩是文、詞匯的運(yùn)用、事跡的敘述、思想感情的表達(dá)等，都能看出它的時(shí)代風(fēng)格。另外書札行款格式和書畫件幅也對(duì)鑒定書畫有一定的幫助。

　　Calligraphy is the same. From a literary perspective, whether it is writing poetry or literature, using vocabulary, narrating stories, expressing thoughts and emotions, etc., one can see its era style. In addition, the format of calligraphy and painting documents and the size of calligraphy and painting pieces are also helpful for identifying calligraphy and painting.

　　（二）藝術(shù)家的個(gè)人風(fēng)格

　?。?） Artist's personal style

　　個(gè)人風(fēng)格通常要比時(shí)代風(fēng)格具體得多，藝術(shù)家的思想、性格、審美觀、習(xí)慣甚使用的工具都各有特點(diǎn)。作畫時(shí)的運(yùn)筆、線條、構(gòu)圖、人物相貌等無不反映出作者的個(gè)人風(fēng)格特征。尤其是鑒定近現(xiàn)代的作品，由干時(shí)代相近，個(gè)人風(fēng)格則尤其重要?！笆煊洰嫾乙话侔?，書法家九十八”說的就是要了解歷史文化，熟記歷代書畫家的姓名、字、號(hào)、別號(hào)，以及他們的經(jīng)歷和他們字、畫的特征的道理。

　　Personal style is usually much more specific than the style of the era, and the artist's thoughts, personality, aesthetic views, habits, and even the tools used have their own characteristics. The stroke, lines, composition, and appearance of characters during painting all reflect the author's personal style characteristics. Especially in identifying modern and contemporary works, personal style is particularly important as they are from similar eras. The phrase 'Remembering 180 painters and 98 calligraphers' means understanding history and culture, memorizing the names, characters, names, and aliases of famous calligraphers and painters throughout history, as well as their experiences and the characteristics of their characters and paintings.

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